Gross Domestic Product

Lecture Notes on Measuring the Economy By: Melcah T. Pascua National Income Accounting The primary measure of the economy’s performance is its annual total output of goods and services or, as it is called, its aggregate output. Aggregate output is labeled Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a given year. Three approaches of computing GDP. 1. The Expenditure Approach (Output Approach) Personal Consumption Expenditure (C)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xxxxx Gross Private Domestic Investment (Ig)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. xxxxx Government Spending (G)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xxxxx Net Exports (Xn)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. †¦. xxxxx Gross Domestic Product †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xxxxxxx (C + Ig + G + Xn) 2. The Income Approach (Allocation or Earnings Approach) Compensation of Employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxxx Rents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxxx Interest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xxxxx Proprietor’s Income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xxxxx Corporate Profits†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxxx Corporate Income Taxes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . xxxxx Dividends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxxx Undistributed Corporate Profits†¦. xxxx National Income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxxx Indirect Business Taxes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxxx Consumption of Fixed Capital†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxxx Net Foreign Factor Income Earned in home country†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxxx Gross Domestic Product †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxxx 3. The Industry-Origin Approach (Value-Added Approach) Agriculture, hunting, forestry, and fishing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxx Agriculture and forestry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxx Fishing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ xxxx Industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxx   Mining and quarrying†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxx Manufacturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxx Construction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxx Electricity, gas, and water†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxx Service sector†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxx Transport, storage  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxx Trade and repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, personal and  household goods and communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxx Financial intermediation Real estate, renting and  business activities†¦. xxxx Public administration  and defense; compulsory social security†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. xxxx Other services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. xxxxGross Domestic Product †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Xxxx Other National Accounts: Net Domestic Product (NDP) NDP = GDP – Consumption of fixed capital (depreciation) National Income (NI) NI = NDP â €“ Net foreign factor income – Indirect Business Taxes Personal Income (PI) PI = NI – Corporate Income Taxes –Undistributed Corporate Profits – Social Security contributions + Transfer Payments Disposable Income (DI) = C+S DI = PI – Personal Taxes Where: C = Consumption S = Savings Nominal GDP vs. Real GDP Hypothetical Data of an Economy Year |Units of |Price per |Price |Unadjusted / |Adjusted / | | |Output |unit of |index |Nominal GDP |Real GDP | | | |output | | | | |1 |5 |10 | | | | |2 |7 |20 | | | | |3 |8 |25 | | | | |4 |10 |30 | | | | |5 |11 |28 | | | |Price of the current year Price Index = X 100 Price of the base year Nominal GDP =Price X Quantity Nominal GDP Real GDP = X 100 Price Index

Farm Size and Efficiency Comparative Profit Analysis

1. Introduction The largest and biggest contributor to Bangladesh’s economy is the agricultural sector. Seen often as the ‘unsung’ hero of our growth revolution, it still serves as the most significant industry in this country. In spite of its large contribution to employment, relatively speaking, its contribution to GNP falls short of expectations. Hence, as with other developing countries, the agriculture sector in Bangladesh can be classified as predominantly being ‘traditional’.This implies that it is mainly comprised of small households that suffer from technological stagnation, unskilled labor, and supply chain and market linkage problems. In spite of this, a modern agriculture sector does exists which enjoys substantial economies of scale. It is a well established fact that with increase in scale of output, efficiency increases up to an optimum point and this paper will put this to the test by investigating whether this holds true in the agricu lture sector as well. 2. Problem statementIdeally, government policy should be directed towards increasing the capacity of the traditional agriculture sector in order to transform it towards a more modern one. However, with a weak local government structure, lack of strategic planning and corruption, effective government support towards this sector cannot be expected. Even if policy makers could come up with viable policies to help rural farmers, it would be very costly as most of these rural farmer’s are too small and dispersed in remote areas. Therefore, any aggregate development would either fail in cost effectiveness or fail in implementations.This leads to the point that increase in farm size needs to take place in the grassroots level This paper therefore will look into the possibility of rural farmer’s joining together to ‘pool in’ their limited technology, land, labor and skills to achieve some form of economies of scale that can increase their eff iciency and lower the costs. Such a framework could be done in the style of a producer’s cooperative. An agriculture cooperative is â€Å"a type of cooperative that unites agricultural producers for production or other activities needed by the members (such as processing, marketing of output, or supply of the means of production). An increase in efficiency can be contributed to a variety of factors such as improvement in technology, more efficient use of land, increase in skilled labor etc. While individual quanitative analysis is beyond the scope of this paper, a single variable can be used to do a comparative analysis to see whether belonging to a cooperative, through which there would be an increase in farm size, actually lead to any increase in efficiency. In terms of the variable, net profit of individual farmer’s not belonging to cooperatives and that of cooperatives will be used.Hence, a hypothesis can be developed at this point: The hypothesis will therefore t est the probability that belonging to a ‘co-op’ leads to increase in profit holding output constant. 3. Literature Review There has been extensive work done farm size and efficiency, and agricultural cooperatives as an extension. Oduol and Hotta examined the effect of farm size on the productive efficiency of smallholder farms in a land–scarce Embu district of Kenya.In particular, the study seeks to establish the relationship between farmsize and three components of productive efficiency, namely technical, scale and allocative efficiency, â€Å" Farm Size and Productive Efficiency: Lessons from Smallholder Farms in Embu District, Kenya Judith Beatrice Auma ODUOL1*, Kazuhiko HOTTA2, Shoji SHINKAI2 and Masao TSUJI3† There has been extensive work done on cooperative movement in the agriculture sector by leading academics.However, a point to be noted at the very outset is that there is clear evidence of a lack of study in this field in the South Asia region. T his is not only surprising but also indicates a clear need for research and investigation of this topic with a special focus on country’s like Bangladesh as South Asia is a primary producer of agricultural products. Assistant Professor Richard J. Sexton, in his paper â€Å"Factors critical to the success or failure of emerging agricultural cooperatives† provides a powerful insight into the strength and limitations of the cooperative movement in general.He argues that a solid foundation in supply chain and market linkage is critical if agricultural cooperatives are to survive. â€Å"Agricultural cooperatives and markets in developing countries† by ANSCHEL, K. R. ; BRANNON, R. H. ; SMITH, E. D. treats the matter more specifically in context of developing countries. In his study, it was found that belonging to cooperative movement gives farmers’ a form of ‘institutional’ support to carry out its production and marketing.Furthermore, a paper titl ed â€Å"Revitalizing Market-Oriented Agricultural Cooperatives in Ethiopia† conducted in cooperation with USAID’s Cooperative Development Program by Tesfaye Assefa provides insightful analysis on a comparative study done on a developing, agriculture developing country similar to Bangladesh. This study sheds light on the fact that developing countries are particularly in need of farmer’s receiving certain technical support in order to reduce their costs. Economic analysis on this issue has been dealt with fairly in the text â€Å"The economic theory of agrarian institutions†, Bardhan, P.K. (eds. ). – Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press, 1991. Finally, the future prospects and potential of the cooperative movement has been addressed in the paper â€Å"Future Roles for Agricultural Cooperatives† by Peter Helmberger where he argued that agricultural cooperatives will take on a larger role in the coming years with the rise in linkag e with large food retailers. A paper titled â€Å"AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATIVES: ROLE IN FOOD SECURITY AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT† investigated the link between the need for food security and the development of agricultural co-operatives.This is a highly important point as food security is seen as one of the major threats to the 21st century. The role of cooperatives into only being a profit making structure, but also a socially beneficial function in terms of addressing the question of food security should not be taken lightly. This is especially true in a country like Bangladesh where the current government is aggressively trying to address the problem of food security for one of the most densely populated countries.In terms of classifying the agriculture sector in a more academic sphere of economics, it can be deduced that a developing country’s agriculture sector is divided into the traditional agriculture sector comprising of unskilled, self sufficient rural households an d the modern agriculture sector consisting of a capital intensive, efficient, large scale producer. T. W. Schultz, in his paper highlighted the significance of transforming these traditional sectors into a more modern agriculture sectors and the possible consequences of these in the development process, Schultz T. W (1964),Transforming Traditional Agriculture, Yale University Press, New Haven. One of the underlying reasons for a larger farming structure in the form of cooperatives is the technological innovation that comes along with it. Bachman, K. L and Christensen highlighted the need to remove technological stagnation from the traditional agriculture sector in order to achieve long term development, Bachman, K. L and Christensen, R. P (1967), ‘The Economics of Farm Size’, in Southworth, H. M and Johnston, B. F. (eds), Agricultural Development and Economic Growth, Cornell University Press, Ithaca.Finally, Berry and Cline investigated the correlation in productivity a nd farming structure and found there to be a positive trend between increased output and productivity levels, Berry, D. A. and Cline, W. R. (1979), Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. This study provided a case in point about the possible role of cooperatives in making the traditional agriculture sector much more productive. 4. Study methodology Secondary data from the available records of Ferdous Biotech Pvt. Ltd, an agro-based company based in Gazipur has been used to compile these statistics.The data has been derived from potato farmers that the company employs in the northern region of Bangladesh. Regional variations have been held constant while similar output levels have been selected between farmers belonging to ‘co-ops’ and not belonging to them so that a single variable (profit) can be tested. Further assumptions have been made in terms of seasonal variability being minimum and fertility showing unremarkable changes. The data was tabulated and statistic measures such as central tendencies, bar charts and hypothesis testing was undertaking to infer the data.SPSS software was used for most of the data analysis. It should be noted out that some of the data was filtered out due to create an appropriate sample. 5. Descriptive statistical analysis As seen in the frequencydistribution table that in each corresponding category of data with holding output constant, the farmers belonging to co ops show a signficinant rise in profits as opposed to those not belonging to co ops. While there are certain variations, there are not signficant enough to be inferred as statistically inconsistent. A clear trend analysis of the data can be seen from the chart seen above titlted Profitibality Study.For most data, belonging to to co-ops as signified by the blue bars shows a higher trend then the red bars indiciating profits by farmers not belonging to co ops. The measures of central tendency fo r these data show a significant variation. The middle values for each profit level stands at 75650 and 73100 respectively with the highest frequency for each category (with co op and without co op) standing at 60050 and 42400 as well. The average profit shown by farmers belonging to co ops stands at 81590 while those opting out of co opt standing at 79986.These values clearly shows that belonging to a co op does lead to better off profits as seen by the higher central tendency values in each category. This can be extended to be proved through the lowest values and highest values also. The lowest value for farmers in co ops stand at 14000 while those for without co ops are at 12500. Corresponding higher values are at 160300 and 159200, with the range standing at 146300 and 73100 for co-ops and without co-ops respectively. In terms of the quartiles, Q1 stood at 42075 and 41450 for co-ops and without co-ops while Q3 stood at 121925 and 118050 respectively.It is worth noting at this poi nt that from central tendencies along, it can be inferred that consistently, farmers belonging to a larger farm size in terms of co-operatives show a higher profit levels than those not belonging to such co-operatives. However, there is significant dispersion in the data that can be seen through the standard deviation for each data set standing at 46106. 9 and 45687. 8 respectively. Dispersion between the data as used for the development of the confidence interval, the standard deviation here stands at 8636. 9.In terms of the confidence level the range is at -2556. 076 to 5763. 74 As stated in the problem statement the hypothesis will there test the probability that belonging to ‘co-ops’ leading to increase in profit holding output constant. To analyze this, a hypothesis test was undertaken using SPSS and the results are presented below: Hypothesis T-Test One-Sample Statistics NMeanStd. DeviationStd. Error Mean Profits With Co-ops3081590. 166746106. 984718417. 94519 Pro fits Without Co-ops3079986. 333345687. 855448341. 42301 One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 tdfSig. 2-tailed)Mean Difference Profits With Co-ops9. 69229. 00081590. 16667 Profits Without Co-ops9. 58929. 00079986. 33333 One-Sample Test Test Value = 0 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference LowerUpper Profits With Co-ops64373. 535698806. 7977 Profits Without Co-ops62926. 207797046. 4589 It is clear from the above results that with the mean for co-ops consistently being higher than that of profits of farmers not belonging to co-ops that the hypothesis cannot be rejected. Therefore, belonging to co-ops does tend to show a higher profitability than in absence of it. . Summary The test results clearly demonstrate that belonging to co ops show a significant increase in profits. While there are certain variations in the data, these could be due to miscalculations due to large number of sample data or through farmer’s misinterpretation of market calculations as well. There are quite a few justifications for the results that have been shown. Clearly belonging to such co ops increases the technical capacity of the farmers to achieve lower costs and higher revenues leading to increase in profits.Through marketing economies of scale, they are able to sell at a better rate while their technical economies such as specialization and indivisibility of capital allows them to achieve the lower costs as stated above. In conclusion the data clearly supports the hypothesis that belonging to co-ops is a much better option for farmers then not doing so. This leaves us with the question – in terms of farm size and efficiency, is there a role for the cooperative movement? While the tests results clearly show hat belonging to co-operatives leads to an increase in profit, this point comes with strong qualifications because a profit function in itself cannot be used to make absolute inferences regarding efficiency. This is especially true due to the fact that most of the agraria n households belong to the traditional sector and as discussed earlier, they suffer from certain problems such as technological stagnation, unskilled labor and lack of capital. These serve as a major impediment towards achieving efficiency.While belonging to cooperatives may bring in certain economies of scale which may mitigate some of these problems, the underlying problem of transforming the traditional agricultural sector a modern one would need much more than just formation of co-operatives. It requires extensive long term technological and financial investment by the government and the non government sector. There is no doubting the role of agriculture in the economy of Bangladesh, but with regards to the extent to which it can contribute to an ever modernizing economy is up for debate.Appendix I – Output (Kgs) Profit (Co-ops)Profit (Without Co-ops) 2001400012500 2501750016300 3001880017500 3502320021300 4002780026800 4503210031050 5003750038600 5504360042400 6004820042 400 6505340052100 7005960060050 7506005062300 8006005064700 8506890066300 9007350070000 9507780076200 10008340084000 10508900087060 11009750096000 115010010598030 1200110500105500 1250115600110300 1300120300117200 1350126800120600 1400130100125200 1450141500139300 1500147300148200 1550152400151300 1600156900157200 1650160300159200

Issues in the correctional system, the case study analysis of facility

Issues in the correctional system, the analysis of facility murder - Case Study Example Moreover, it explains the necessities of reducing the liberties given to the prisoners in America. According to Ikilo, (n.d.), it is the duty of The Federal Bureau of Prisons to â€Å"protect society by confining offenders in the controlled environments of prisons and community-based facilities that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and appropriately secure, and that provide work and other self-improvement opportunities to assist offenders in becoming law-abiding citizens† (Ikilo, n.d.). However, nobody thinks about the safety of correctional officers while saying volumes about the safety of the public. It should be noted that many of the correctional officers working in American jails are females. They were forced to interact with many of the hard-core criminals who have less faith in humanity and more faith in cruelty. Many of the criminals in correctional system are sex offenders. Moreover, it is quite possible that even normal criminals may become sex offenders in jails si nce they are not getting any opportunities to relieve their sex energy. Many studies have proved that homosexuality is common in American jails. This is because of the lack of opportunities for heterosexuality in jails. Under such circumstances, the logic of asking women officers to work in American jails can be questionable. The ill fate suffered by Marsha Wills point towards the serious issues prevailing in American jails which needs immediate attention from the authorities. This paper tries to identify the issues, and make recommendations on how to improve the correctional system based on the given case study. Major issues prevailing in American correctional system James (2010) pointed out that â€Å"In "Tent City", a notorious convict camp in the Arizona desert that lacks even basic air conditioning, temperatures regularly top 130 degrees, causing no end of heat-related health problems among its internees† (James, 2010). It is a fact that absence of basic living condition s may cause distress in the minds of people and in the case of criminals, such distress may result in unexpected outcomes. Majority of the criminals in American jails are leading a no hope life. For example, life imprisonment in American means the culprit should spend his remaining life span in jails. He may not get enough opportunities for parole or probation. The US is the only country where juveniles are serving life imprisonment without parole under the so-called "life means life" policy. Only the US and Somalia have refused to ratify the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which rules out life sentences with no chance of release for crimes committed before the age of 18 (Pilkington, 2011). Even though America is believed to be the most civilized country in the world, they are not so at least in terms of considering criminals who got life sentencing. In other countries such as India, life imprisonment means only 15 year jail term. Moreover, during this 15-year jail term it self the criminal can spend lots of time outside in the name of parole. Those who are behaving decently in Indian jails, may get paroles frequently. In other words, criminals in Indian jails have hope for a future life outside the jail campus. The incidents or the murder of Marsha Wills in the given case should be analysed in the above context. John James, the 52

City of Dreams Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

City of Dreams Summary - Essay Example Within the new policy they see new opportunities for people like themselves to develop personal ambitions and later, an entire China. They are happy to feel less control from Communists Party. Though they are aware of strained social situation, they believe it’s necessary for country to live out the period and form a middle class with a view of future prosperity, and the best they can do is to help middle class formation by personal example. At the same time a huge part of citizens appeared to be not fitted for the new economic policy. Within four years period a lot of fabric in Shanghai was closed, and about 24 million of fabric workers appeared to be unemployed (â€Å"China Rises – City of Dreams†). Most of them have poor education and cannot manage to find a new job. To get an education is not an option too, because education system is commercial. Therefore nowadays they are trying their best to survive and provide their families and children even with basic living standards, but gaps between poor and middle class and the richest ones are huge. This causes a lot of social problems. Another thing that causes Shanghai social problems is its fast built-up development. In order to build a new houses and offices an old dwelling houses are ruined. Yet dwellers of those houses (often they are the same unemployed workers) are treated unfairly by new building investors, and government stand for the building investors, because new projects increase Shanghai economic development. To resist the suppression without jobs and homes, and also without appropriate governmental support for these people is almost impossible. Lawyers say such cases are doomed to fail. There’s too huge corruption in Shanghai governmental institutions. To my mind, country’s government cannot negotiate rights of its citizens under any circumstances. To suppress one class in order to form another

IIS Networking Infrastructure Design Project Research Paper

IIS Networking Infrastructure Design Project - Research Paper Example The rising globalization and the increasing competition in the business world have led the different companies in different industries to focus their business strategies into newer and innovative measures to attract greater number of customers and gain more profits. The study is based on such incorporation of new telecommunication and network infrastructure in the Intelligent Imaging Solutions Company. The company thus focuses on determination of a new solution that can be best suited to the organization’s requirements. Integrated security and advanced information technology (IT) system and the incorporation of optical fibers have been selected as a probable solution for the company’s new infrastructure. The report presents the business needs, the needs of the customers, the operations of the company, the applications of the new facilities, and the organizational benefits that are expected to be obtained from the use of the new technology. The details of the scope of the new solution have been reflected thus discussing about the protocols, the cable connections, security and other relevant details of the process. The details of the software and hardware facilities have been covered in the proposal as well. The probable process of pre- and post- installation processes and the network communication details have been obtained. Along with that the training schedules of the employees have been tried to be determined. A financial outline forecasting the required amounts of investments in the different areas of the project have been provided keeping in view the budget that the company has planned for investment in the concerned project.

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS - Assignment Example The major advantage of using these energy sources is that they are not dangerous to the environment. 2. The use of renewable energy is relevant to Canada since it is also negatively impacted by forces such as environmental degradation particularly global warming as a result of the actions of people. The government in Canada can formulate policies that are oriented towards promoting the use of renewable energy such as solar power to replace fossil fuels that are responsible for causing global warming. Such policies can also enlighten the people in Canada about the importance of protecting the environment through minimising the amount of carbon foot print emitted into the atmosphere. 3. There have been major strides taken both at regional and international level with regards to policy formulation towards the aspect of environmental protection. For instance, the European Union has taken some steps directed towards the protection of the environment. The Lisbon Treaty is a good example that shows the region’s commitment to promoting a safe environment for all. However, policy formulation with regards to environmental protection should be of international nature since geographical boundaries are of little significance in terms of addressing this global problem. There should be consensus among all the countries across the globe about the correct course of action that can be taken in order to address the environmental problems caused by the use of different forms of energy particularly fossil fuels. 4. From my own perspective, I would recommend that governments in different regions adopt policies that are oriented towards the use of renewable energy since it is friendly to the environment. Such policies should be adopted at international level. I would also recommend that the government undertake campaigns that are meant to enlighten the people about the benefits of using renewable energy. Some people lack information about the advantages of using renewable

Auto world case study- Service Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auto world case study- Service Marketing - Essay Example Empathy- personalized attention to loyal and regular customers. Separate database maintenance will be established for regular customers who come for routine check up of their cars and no need for them to stand in a queue. Assuming that manual service writing has been replaced with computerized system of entering service orders and creation of database of regular customers with oil and maintenance routine has been put in place at Auto World, the service blueprint will be worked out as follows: (Appendix 2) (Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan 2008) The new service strategy for enhancing service would be to segregate the routine and emergency service customers on the basis of maintained database. As a result, routine customers will be asked to fill a form and let go after taking their cars. Emergency customers would have to detail the service writer about the problem and then place the order. As stated already, cars and their servicing are marked by greater intangibility and thus, bettering this component of the business will definitely bring benefits to Carol. Recovering from service failure will encompass timely deliveries, increased attention to customer expectations and deciding upon who should be involved at which stage and in which process of service delivery (Boshoff 1997). As obvious from case facts, annoying behavior of employees has been a key factor in the failure and bad experience of service in Auto World (Lovelock, Wirtz & Chew 2009). As such, tangible offering will have to be coupled with more of intangible aspects to deliver an optimum service and product mix. One bad service experience in car servicing is error in delivering the worked upon car. For instance, whether manual or computerized entry system, a car was to be delivered to the customer on a specific date but when the customer asked the service agent to confirm the date, it was told incorrect by error. As a result, the customer had to wait

Counterinsurgency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Counterinsurgency - Essay Example Accordingly, the primary focus should be to improve the quality of the police and other security forces, strengthen government institutions, and separated the populace from the insurgents. Contemporary counterinsurgency methodologies introduced in the Philippines, Malaya, Algeria and Vietnam prove when the government accomplished these tasks, it defused the insurgency's political and ideological premise, discredited their cause, and created a political environment unsuitable for an insurgency to thrive. DISCUSSION: Intelligence reports show clashes between Taliban and coalition forces have increased significantly in 2008, highlighting the Taliban's resurgence and complicating NATO efforts to stabilize the country. Taliban, Hekmatyar, and Haqqani militants have expanded their influence in rural regions where NATO/ISAF and the Afghan government cannot provide sufficient security. Violent attacks have tripled in these areas - particularly against civilian non-combatants perceived to be in support of the government. Consequently, the U.S. planners must convince NATO and commanders to employ specific counterinsurgency approaches to reverse these trends. 1. Secure the Afghan-Pakistan border. ... Thus far, US/NATO strike operations along the border and inside Afghanistan have not curtailed militant force infiltrations and security forces have been unable to pursue retreating insurgents across the border. In order prevent these incursions, a more audacious containment strategy must be implemented. Measures include increasing security force levels in select border regions, formalizing intelligence cooperation activities with Pakistan, and erecting barriers along major infiltration corridors. First, NATO must expand the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), Afghan National Police (ANP), and Afghan National Army (ANA) presence in the remote border regions where infiltrations and armed attacks most often occur. Diligent law enforcement activities should be the primary focus in populated areas and villages to disrupt support sanctuaries and networks logistics networks. ANA forces should occupy security checkpoints and border encampments to interdict hostile incursions. In the meantime Afghan and Pakistani officials formally demarcate the Durand Line by establishing a mutually recognized border, then erect a series of defensive fences along known infiltration corridors to deny militants access into Afghanistan. Technology based surveillance systems and interdiction platforms must be employed in tandem with physical structures. French counterinsurgents successfully employed similar fencing startegy in Algeria when they built the Mortice Line to contain the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) insurgents. Within a year of construction, the eight foot electrical fence proved to be a decisive counterinsurgency additive. The combination of static defenses and mobile border forces had killed over 6,000 would-be intruders and intercepted

Main Aspects Of Consumer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Main Aspects Of Consumer Behavior - Essay Example The fact that the customer likes the product and is satisfied with it means that the product has positive attributes. Recalled attribute information with respect to a product strongly influences the product choices and buying decision of the consumer (Hoyer & MacInnis, 2008). Environmental Impact: This falls under the social, ethical and moral values. It is known that consumer behavior is more closely connected to social, moral and ethical behavior of a consumer. As the consumer is concerned with the environment, the poor ratings of the product can negatively influence her decision making with respect to the product. Quality and Pricing: The consumer also has information about the quality and pricing of the product. In the current context, quality and pricing favors the product and is bound to positively impact the decision making (Hoyer & MacInnis, 2008). 2 What theoretical approach(es) best explain(s) this situation and how the consumer might cope with it? Remember to cover the main aspects of the theory/theories you use and explain how exactly they apply in this case. (max 2 pages) The current situation involves pro-social consumerism and ethical consumerism. Pro-social consumption is based on the ideology that one’s action must benefit others or society as a whole. In the current context, purchasing a product must not have negative effects on the society or the environment which is not the case. Being an environmentally concerned, the consumer, in this case, will tend to incline towards pro-social consumption as she is aware now that the product that she is buying has negative effects on the environment. Ethical consumerism is the practice of buying products or boycotting products that are produced by unethical means.

What ideas underpinned housing policy between 1945-79 Essay

What ideas underpinned housing policy between 1945-79 - Essay Example By the end of the century, there was massive development of the country from rural to urban society. From the period of 1945, there was substantial overhaul of residential dwellings. This influenced government of UK to look after the price, ownership and quality of residential market. After 1945, the dependence on local authorities has been increased by both conservative and labour government. 5 million households and more are accommodated with the help of social housing. After World War II, the instruments and priorities of housing policy has seen a drastic change. This essay will effectively discuss about various ideas of Housing Policy in UK that underpinned from 1945 to 1979. One billion people are still living in undesirable condition and lack shelter due to poverty. The majority of people who are lacking shelter are from developed countries. This resembles the necessity of effective housing policies to provide adequate shelter. After World War II, the economic condition of United Kingdom was totally shattered. During the year 1945, wartime union government was exhausted after the withdrawal of labour party. This eventually forced in to general election. The attitude of people has seen drastic changes. Government intervention has been increased. The adverse impact of war created a need of house. Massive number of houses has been destroyed through bombing. Under these circumstances, it required a huge overhaul on housing policy in UK. After 1945, the advancement of public housing was due to the commitment of government. Housing policy before 1945 has been stepping stone for the emergence of future housing policies. In 19th century, sanitation policies ha ve been implemented. Social disintegration and increase in rate of widespread disease has been the pivotal factor for the application of sanitation policies. In 20th century, the sanitation polices has been key influence for the occurrence of first housing policies. Since the year 1871, the local

Weigh on Societal Realities Essay Example for Free

Weigh on Societal Realities Essay The movie V for Vendetta gives its viewers an intimate look into the mind of a very creative and ultimately very patient political â€Å"terrorist. † But the question remains, how far-fetched is an idea like this? Could the United States be on its way to such a revolution and if so, is such a revolution really necessary? After having seen this movie a number of times and taking into consideration the current state of our country, I would have to say the answer is yes on both counts. With the recent rash of corporate bailouts and evidence of our government’s involvement in wire tapping, I feel it would be naive and even a bit irresponsible to think our government incapable of causing such an emotional response to take place. While our own media may not completely be controlled by our government, as seemed so obvious in V for Vendetta, a person cannot tune to a news program these days without knowing almost instantly which political party that station sides with. Our foreign enemies have already done a good job of forcing Americans to question their own loyalties, how long before an individual or group takes a broad step to alter our governmental policy? V realized then what so few of us seem to accept now, that a constitution does not necessarily protect us from a government gone awry. Our own history, especially that most recent, has taught us that with enough money and power you can practically get away with murder. Not only can you hold political office, but apparently your means give you the authority to do with it what you will. Of course while vying for this office you’ll stoop to almost any level, tell the most outrageous lies. For example in V for Vendetta, wasn’t it convenient how a cure for this uncontrollable â€Å"plague† was suddenly discovered soon after Sutler took office? And isn’t convenient how all wars will end and all taxes will be eliminated when said favored politician takes control? But nothing really ever seems to work out for the common man; they only seem to work out for those who have the control and the power. Minimum wage may increase, but so does the price of everything else. Those with means, motive and opportunity need only wave their hand or put their signature to paper and their will be done. The average citizen does not have that luxury. The average citizen has but two things to be concerned with, death and taxes, when isn’t their concern supposed to lie with Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness? While it may be true that not everyone has sacrificed freedom and liberty for sanctity of life, there are many that have and this is just the beginning. Everyday people have to give up on their once noble hopes and dreams merely to make ends meet and give Uncle Sam his fair share. While Congress helps itself to more money and the oil companies are reaping record profits, average hard-working Americans are forced to sell their homes and work two jobs. And it is true that America is the land of dreams, but at what price? The so-called dreams that America stands for are now all but unreachable to the large majority. But the hardship for many Americans does not end with the job or housing market, our own ability to choose and decide for ourselves is also in question. Gay marriage, for example is not recognized in most states, and if politicians had their way the concept would be outlawed altogether. This idea is reflected on a larger scale in V for Vendetta when Valerie recounts the hardships of homosexuals in the intolerant society in which she lived. Gay relationships are not only frowned upon in this society, but having been found to be involved in such a relationship is punishable by death. The United States government may not be acting so rashly now, but who’s to say what the reaction will be when a decision about gay marriage is reached on a national level. Part 2: After seeing V for Vendetta, some may view the character V as nothing more than a terrorist out for blood; a criminal no better than the men who crashed airplanes into our beloved landmarks. However, V represented so much more to so many people; he represented change for the better and a fresh start. What V does in this movie is more than justified, it is necessary. Although he may have been forced to murder some seemingly innocent people, his purpose was always clear; he never faltered. V’s life, his entire existence was a product of a corrupt government, and everyone he crossed paths with was directly involved. He had no name, no history and no identity other than â€Å"patient number five. † It is not until he meets Evey that his life becomes about something more. Evey is connected to V in more ways than he could have at first imagined. Her own parents were â€Å"black-bagged† for being political activists and her brother was a patient at the notorious St. Mary’s. V gains respect for Evey almost instantly and begins to fall in love with her within days of keeping her with him. But even his love for Evey does not transform his ultimate desire to transform a corrupt world. He realizes that it is for people like Evey and he that he put these plans into motion to begin with. By the end of the film V has made an impact on everyone, from average citizen to Sutler himself. He convinces people, as he convinced Evey that a change is inevitable but it could not wait any longer. He called upon people to stand with him and recognize the need for change and bear witness to his revolution. V is not a terrorist because his goal was not to harm innocents and bring about hardship, it is quite the opposite. He is indeed a freedom fighter because freedom is precisely what he was fighting for. He wanted to bring about a better life for his nation’s citizens, much like Robin Hood in a way. He was merely putting the power in the hands of those who should’ve had it all along, hoping in the end they’d know how to use it. I suppose V could be viewed as a martyr because he sacrificed himself for a chance at a new and better age, but I don’t believe martyrdom was his intent at all. Nobody knew his name, where he was from or had ever even seen his face. His actions were for the greater good, not for the purpose of having a monument erected in his visage. While violence may not be the answer, an attitude and a desire like that of V’s is exactly what this country needs. And who knows, it very well may be happening now. V had the wherewithal to wait years for his plans to come to fruition, with only the hope in his heart that they would be fulfilled. Wouldn’t it be wonderful to think that such a soul could be living among us, with such courage of conviction and a will to see change? It is just as V declares to Evey, â€Å"there is no certainty, only the opportunity. † References Wachowski, Andy Larry. (Producers). (2006). V for Vendetta[Motion Picture].

My Country India Essay Example for Free

My Country India Essay India, officially the Republic of India (Bharat Ganrajya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1. 2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China,Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four world religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the regions diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Indian economy is the worlds tenth-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, illiteracy, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. A nuclear weapons stateand a regional power, it has the third-largest standing army in the world and ranks seventh in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 28 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, andmulti-ethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. India comprises the bulk of the Indian subcontinent and lies atop the minor Indian tectonic plate, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Australian Plate. Indias defining geological processes commenced 75 million years ago when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent tGondwana, began a north-eastward drift across the then-unformed Indian Ocean that lasted fifty million years. The subcontinents subsequent collision with, and subduction under, the Eurasian Plate bore aloft the planets highest mountains, the Himalayas. They abut India in the north and thenorth-east. In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that has gradually filled with river-borne sediment; it now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. To the west lies the Thar Desert, which is cut off by the Aravalli Range. The original Indian plate survives as peninsular India, which is the oldest and geologically most stable part of India; it extends as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east. To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western and Eastern Ghats;[114] the plateau contains the nations oldest rock formations, some of them over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6Â ° 44 and 35Â ° 30 north latitude and 68Â ° 7 and 97Â ° 25 east longitude. The Kedar Range of the Greater Himalayas rises behind Kedarnath Temple, which is one of the twelve jyotirlinga shrines. Indias coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island chains. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores. Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal. Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi; the latters extremely low gradient often leads to severe floods and course changes. Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal; and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh. India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off Indias south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea. The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and wintermonsoons. The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of Indias rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane. Indian cultural history spans more than 4,500 years. During the Vedic period (c. 700–500 BCE), the foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, and literature were laid, and many beliefs and practices which still exist today, such as dharma, karma, yoga, and mok? ha, were established. India is notable for its religious diversity, with Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity, and Jainism among the nations major religions. The predominant religion, Hinduism, has been shaped by various historical schools of thought, including those of t he Upanishads, the Yoga Sutras, the Bhakti movement, and by Buddhist philosophy. Much of Indian architecture, including the Taj Mahal, other works of Mughal architecture, and South Indian architecture, blends ancient local traditions with imported styles. Vernacular architecture is also highly regional in it flavours. Vastu shastra, literally science of construction or architecture and ascribed to Mamuni Mayan, explores how the laws of nature affect human dwellings; it employs precise geometry and directional alignments to reflect perceived cosmic constructs. As applied in Hindu emple architecture, it is influenced by the Shilpa Shastras, a series of foundational texts whose basic mythological form is the Vastu-Purusha mandala, a square that embodied the absolute. The Taj Mahal, built inAgra between 1631 and 1648 by orders of Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, has been described in the UNESCO World Heritage List as the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the worlds heritage. Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, developed by the British in the late 19th century, drew on Indo-Islamic architecture.

Britain and the League of Nations Before WWII

Britain and the League of Nations Before WWII Why Was Britain So Ill-Prepared for War in 1939? Consequences of WWI The representatives of the states that met at Versailles in the first half of 1919 were confronted by a world in deep turmoil. The war was over but it appeared that a significant threat still remained in the form of the rapid spread of bolshevism. Right wing governments were springing up in Eastern Europe, and the victors of the war were worried.[1] A reaction to this, and as something of a punishment to Germany, was the redrawing of borders throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Huge swathes of various nations ware effectively removed and annexed by a neighbouring state. Germany’s eastern frontier, for example, was moved far to the west of its previous position, removing part of Silicia, West Prussia and Posses from German control and given to neighbouring states. Germany was not the only state to suffer, however, Russia lost vast areas of land in the west and Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania became independent states.[2] This realignment of Europe was widely unpopular and provided some of the seeds for future conflict, it was only achievable through the new instrument if international diplomacy, the League of Nations. The mandate of this new league was to maintain peace in Europe. Refusal to abide by the dictates of the league would result in economic or military sanctions; the main problem was that the league did not directly command any troops and its actions required the unanimous consent of all members. Great Britain, after the deprivations of the First World War, seemed little interested in getting too heavily involved in the affairs of its European allies and hoped the League would essentially remove that responsibility. Britain showed such revulsion at the prospect of another (or further) was that in 1919 Winston Churchill, former First Lord of the Admiralty, persuaded the British government to adopt a rule whereby â€Å"for the purpose of framing the (defence) estimates, (it should be assumed) that at any given date there will be no major war for 10 years.†[3] This so called ten year rule was officially renewed every year until 1932, and even then Britain took now significant steps towards rearmament until 1937. This ten year rule meant that if war was to break out in Europe again, Britain was certain to be caught unprepared. Hitler Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany in 1933 on the back of deep resentment of the treatment of Germany by the western allies at the end of the First World War. In 1934 he had been shown a demonstration of the potential of the new tank arm that was being developed in secret by Guderian,[4] and by the following year three panzer divisions were under construction.[5] By 1935 his power base was strong enough for him to renounce the clauses of the treaty of Versailles that limited the German army to 100,000 men; he reintroduced conscription and decreed the creation of the Luftwaffe, banned by Versailles.[6] By 1936 Hitler has negotiates a treaty with Britain that allowed him to build U-boats and he sent troops to unilaterally occupy the demilitarised Rhineland. In 1937 the new German army had 37 infantry divisions and three panzer divisions, in comparison to the seven allowed by Versailles, a total strength of three million men, the following year saw the strength of the newly formed Lu ftwaffe at 3350 (zero in 1932).[7] While obvious rearmament was underway in Germany, and the French were building the Maginot line (clearly expecting and preparing for ‘static’ trench warfare) along the border with Germany, the British steadfastly refused to re-arm, believing in the principle of the ten year rule. The economic situation in Great Britain was poor after WWI, unemployment was high and the economy generally was performing very poorly indeed. This situation was not at all aided by the great depression that developed with stunning rapidity in the United States. This can be juxtaposed with the booming German economy where unemployment had fallen from five and a half million to less than one million under Hitler,[8] it is perhaps not too surprising that Britain felt ill equipped financially or perhaps emotionally after the deprivations of trench warfare) to rearm or resist German expansion until it was too late. Failure of the League of Nations The great hope of the British (and to a very large extent of the other western powers) was that any potential for future conflict in Europe would be obviated by the League of Nations; this was its very reason for existing in the first place. A series of devastating setbacks for the League essentially exposed its impotence. Mussolini’s invasion of Abasynnia in 1935 (a member of the league), was met with economic sanctions at the behest of the British, but this only drove the Italians into Hitler’s arms (a long time admirer of Mussolini). The next crisis for, and failure of, the League came the following year: misrule in Spain led to an uprising by General Franco. The government were supported by Russian troops and Franco by Italians. Taking this opportunity Hitler entered into an anti-communist treaty with the government of Japan, and as it became apparent that Franco was winning the civil war, and while the attentions of the world were elsewhere, he annexed Austria;[9] two weeks later the Sudetenland. This series of seriously mishandled crises demonstrated that the League of Nations was totally ill equipped to perform a peace keeping role in Europe and it disintegrated. Britain’s (and Churchill’s faith in the League and the ten year plan had been seriously flawed). Britain Re-arms – Treasury Resists The main consequence for the British and the French of the events of 1935-6 was a sudden realisation that rearmament was required, and quickly. The situations in Abasynnia, Spain and Germany clearly demonstrated the, at best, inability, and at worst incompetence of the League of Nations. The only possible conclusion for the British by the mid 1930’s was that the only way to deter aggression, and future war, was with a significant military presence. Baldwin had been elected to office in Britain the back of a promise to rearm. British public opinion, then, was in favour of rearmament, but political leaders remained strangely opposed. By 1936 the military budget was increased to  £136 million, but this was still only half of that of Germany, and they newly created post of Minister of Public Defence was given to the weak Sir Thomas Inskip rather than someone like Churchill.[10] This new post had been described simply as a â€Å"treasury break on the demands of the service†,[11] which is to say a means of keeping down military expenditure. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Chamberlain firmly believed that the economy was the fourth branch of the armed services. He believed that economic stability was of prime importance and that it could not be put at risk in order to rearm the country. He believed that economic strength would act as a deterrent to any potential enemy and that financial strength could enable the nation to purchase any military equipment it may need as and when required, thus permanent rearmament was not deemed a priority.[12] Chamberlain in fact argued that the economy simply could not bear the strain of rearmament. His military logic was seriously and obviously flawed, be argued that id Germany made war in the east, this was simply too far away for the British to do anything about it, and if the invaded France or the Low Countries, the British would not be able to react fast enough, therefore a large standing army was not necessary.[13] There were also serious strategic discussions in Britain at the time; should rearmament be based on land forces or on the navy and air force. Some believed in the magical power of the newly developing air forces. General John Burnett-Stuart[14] argued that an appropriately large and well equipped air force could far better perform the role of the expeditionary force in protecting the Low Countries and indeed in winning a war with far less risk of loss of life.[15] Britain, then, was in serious disarray as to what strategy to pursue, and was not given the financial backing to pursue any strategy fully. Strategy Blitzkrieg The question may presuppose that Britain was ill prepared in simply practical terms, be they military or economic, but there is far more to the question that this. Britain, and indeed every one else in the world, was seriously ill prepared for war in 1939 in terms of strategic thinking as well. It has often been noted that large wars begin with the strategy of the last major war; this was not the case in World War II. World War I had effectively began with Napoleonic tactics that developed into static, and devastating, trench warfare. The building of the Maginot line by the French is a strong indication that a future was (i.e. WWII) would again be a static war in the mould of trench warfare.[16] The Germans, however, had other ideas. Heinz Guderian had fought in WWI and seen the stupidity of trench warfare, and the potential of the tank if properly utilised. During the inter war years he developed a strategy of mobile warfare,[17] later to become infamously known as blitzkrieg,[18] lightening war. He came to believe, and persuaded Hitler of the same, (as noted briefly above) that the panzer, utilised in massed formations, could act as a hammer and smash a hole through the enemies’ defensive line. Following this initial action (to be preceded by artillery bombardments and air strikes) the fast moving panzer divisions,[19] along with mechanised infantry units,[20] could stream through this gap in the line and drive quickly deep into enemy territory, seriously disrupting their lines of communication and supply. These units could then be used to encircle slow moving (or static) enemy infantry. Conclusion This new strategy, new philosophy, was the second strand to Britain’s unpreparedness (and indeed everyone else’s too). For one of the few times in history, Germany entered the war with an entirely new philosophy, one for which their entire armed forced had been forged and developed to utilise with devastating effect. The British, French, Russians etc. were utterly unprepared for an offensive of the scale that Hitler launched, or for the tactics that were being employed. In every campaign, highlighted spectacularly in Poland, the Low Countries and France, the Wehrmacht were capable of moving far faster than the allies could counter. I have tried to argue throughout this brief essay that Britain was not the only nation to be ill prepared for war with Germany in 1939. The lack of preparation was partly due to poorly placed faith in the League of Nations and in the ten year plan, but also on an unwillingness to properly invest in the armed forces until it was too late to deter war. The allies were also utterly unprepared for the new kind of warfare brought by the Germans and it is this final point that leads to the conclusion that even if funding had been available and rearmament had taken place much earlier, would it have made a difference given the vastly superior strategy and technology employed by the Wehrmacht. Bibliography C. Barnett (ed.), Hitler’s Generals (London 1989) J. F. C. Fuller, Decisive Battles of the Western World and their Influence Upon History: vol III (London 1956) H. Guderian, Achtung-Panzer (Berlin 1937) D. Kagan, On the Origins of War (London 1995) J. Keegan, A History of Warfare (London 1993) K. Macksey, Guderian: Panzer General (London 1975) C. Messenger, The Art of Blitzkrieg (London 1976) A. J. P. Taylor, English History: 1914-1945 (Oxford 1965) Footnotes [1] Kagan, 1995, 285. [2] Kagan, 1995, 287. [3] Keegan, 1993, 366. [4] More on Guderian later. [5] Barnett, 1989, 444-5 [6] Keegan, 1993, 367. [7] Keegan, 1993, 368. [8] Fuller, 1956, 369. [9] Fuller, 1956, 371. [10] Kagan, 1995, 367. [11] Taylor, 1965, 390. [12] Kagan, 1995, 370-1. [13] Kagan, 1995, 371. [14] Kagan, 1995, 3. [15] This is an idea that seems somewhat ahead of its time, the first time this occurred (an air force essentially winning a war) was the first Gulf War of 1991. [16] Guderian, 1937, 36-38. [17] Macksay, 1965, 57-79. [18] Messenger, 1976. [19] Guderian, 1937, 167-170. [20] Guderian, 1937, 171-173.

osmosis :: essays research papers

The following is a short sample from this piece of coursework: ... els of sucrose solution to distilled water (see molarity table above) and I placed each of the mixtures into the correct beakers. 5. Then I weighed all the potato chips on an electronic balance (see results) and recorded the results. 6. I placed 5 pieces of potato into each beaker and left them for approx 36 hrs. 7. After this time I drained out the solutions from the beakers and I carefully placed them in order of molarity on a paper towel. 8. I dried the potato chips gently and then weighed each potato piece and recorded the results. 9. As I had extra time I made a second experiment and also recorded those Results: Molarity (M) Starting Weight (g) (Results 1) Final Weight (g) (Results 1) Percentage Change (%) (Results 1) Start Weight (g) (Results 2) Final Weight (g) (Results 2) Percentage Change (%) (Results 2) These values clearly support my prediction, and even though there are some anomalous results, there is an overall negative trend across the whole set of results, proving them accurate. Analysis of Results: The sucrose concentration of the solution into which the potato tissue is placed affects to what degree it grows or shrinks. As you can see from the graph the results show a clear negative correlation, a very obvious inversely proportional trend. From this a conclusion can be drawn. When the water concentration is high, the potato gains water, as seen by the 0.0 molarity solution. When the water concentration is low, the potato loses weight and therefore decreases in mass, as seen in the 1.0 concentration solution. This proves my hypothesis correct. The results were quite widely ranged, as seen on the graph, wit ...... Aim: To see how concentration affects osmosis on a potato. Plan: I will first make a prediction using the knowledge I have on osmosis and I will then carry out the investigation to prove whether concentration affects osmosis in a potato. Using my results I will then try to find a pattern and prove my prediction to be correct or incorrect. After I have done that I will try and find ways in which I could improve the experiment and extend the investigation. Method: First we will cut out 18 pieces of potato ¡Ã‚ ¦s from the same potato using a borer so that we have all the potato strips at the same length and same mass. osmosis :: essays research papers The following is a short sample from this piece of coursework: ... els of sucrose solution to distilled water (see molarity table above) and I placed each of the mixtures into the correct beakers. 5. Then I weighed all the potato chips on an electronic balance (see results) and recorded the results. 6. I placed 5 pieces of potato into each beaker and left them for approx 36 hrs. 7. After this time I drained out the solutions from the beakers and I carefully placed them in order of molarity on a paper towel. 8. I dried the potato chips gently and then weighed each potato piece and recorded the results. 9. As I had extra time I made a second experiment and also recorded those Results: Molarity (M) Starting Weight (g) (Results 1) Final Weight (g) (Results 1) Percentage Change (%) (Results 1) Start Weight (g) (Results 2) Final Weight (g) (Results 2) Percentage Change (%) (Results 2) These values clearly support my prediction, and even though there are some anomalous results, there is an overall negative trend across the whole set of results, proving them accurate. Analysis of Results: The sucrose concentration of the solution into which the potato tissue is placed affects to what degree it grows or shrinks. As you can see from the graph the results show a clear negative correlation, a very obvious inversely proportional trend. From this a conclusion can be drawn. When the water concentration is high, the potato gains water, as seen by the 0.0 molarity solution. When the water concentration is low, the potato loses weight and therefore decreases in mass, as seen in the 1.0 concentration solution. This proves my hypothesis correct. The results were quite widely ranged, as seen on the graph, wit ...... Aim: To see how concentration affects osmosis on a potato. Plan: I will first make a prediction using the knowledge I have on osmosis and I will then carry out the investigation to prove whether concentration affects osmosis in a potato. Using my results I will then try to find a pattern and prove my prediction to be correct or incorrect. After I have done that I will try and find ways in which I could improve the experiment and extend the investigation. Method: First we will cut out 18 pieces of potato ¡Ã‚ ¦s from the same potato using a borer so that we have all the potato strips at the same length and same mass.

Regulations of Prescription Drug Advertising Essay example -- Birth Co

Regulations of Prescription Drug Advertising This particular morning, Sheri*, a Northeastern senior, is able to get out of bed. With difficulty, she pushes past the chronic pain in her back and shoulder muscles and manages to get dressed. The clothes she wears are not the trendy, youthful clothes of a normal 22-year-old girl in college, but instead a baggy grey sweat suit that hides the nearly 20-pound weight gain she is still trying to work off. She covers her face in makeup to conceal the painful acne that has flared up once again. The advertisement for Depo-Provera, a contraceptive vaccination, sounded appealing to Sheri, as she had trouble remembering to take her current form of birth control. â€Å"It said that I would not have to worry about taking a pill every day, that it was more effective than other forms of birth control, and that the main side effect was that my period might completely go away,† Sheri said. â€Å"That sounded wonderful to me.† Depo-Provera is a form of birth control that requires an injection every three months. Each shot prevents pregnancy for 12 weeks, and it is completely reversible. Depo is cited by Planned Parenthood as one of the most effective forms of reversible birth control. So Sheri did as the advertisement directed her to do and asked her doctor about it. She made sure to ask plenty of questions during the consultation. She was told that she simply might gain a minimal amount of weight, possibly five pounds, and that her menses would indeed diminish or even just not occur. However, the side effects she began to encounter after her second shot were much more serious, and she is not alone. Sheri belongs to an online support group called â€Å"Depo Provera Horror Stories,† a site composed o... ...f birth control in order to cleanse her body of the chemicals she had such a harsh reaction to. â€Å"I am just starting to feel normal again,† she said. â€Å"If I had known that this had happened to other women on Depo, I never would have taken it.† Doctors have told her that the side effects should stop occurring 12 to 14 weeks after discontinuing the medication, but that she would probably not be able to conceive for close to a year. Fortunately for Sheri, her mother is a nutritionist, and has helped her make lifestyle choices to aide in detoxification. â€Å"If it wasn’t for my mom, and some good doctors along the way, I never would have made it. I would have went crazy thinking I was getting sick over nothing,† Sheri said. â€Å"I am trying to stay far away from prescription drugs now, unless I am absolutely certain that I need them.† *Last name withheld on request.

A Historical View of the Victorian Governess Essay -- European History

A Historical View of the Victorian Governess    Although the governess serves as the heroine in Jane Eyre, she was not a popular figure in Victorian England. The governess did not have a social position worthy of attention (Peterson 4). Aristocratic and middle-class Victorians were not even sure how to treat the governess. She was from the same class, but her lack of financial stability made them view her as their inferior. Perhaps the clearest definition of the governess was stated by Lady Elizabeth Eastlake in the Quarterly Review: The real definition of a governess in the English sense, is a being who is our equal in birth, manners, and education, but our inferior in worldly wealth. Take a lady in every meaning of the word, born and bred and let her father pass through the gazette (bankruptcy), and she wants nothing more to suit our highest beau ideal of a guide and instructress to our children. (qtd. in Peterson 10) The only time a woman of birth and education was justified in seeking employment was if she found herself in financial distress, and had no relatives to give her support (Peterson 6). The position of governess was especially appropriate for a lady who sought employment because of the death of her father, or his financial ruin. It was considered appropriate because, while it was paid work, it was in the home. The governess avoided the immodest and unladylike position of public occupation. The position of governess would not cause a lady to loose her social position (Peterson 6). The employment of a gentle woman in a Victorian middle-class family served to reinforce certain values (Peterson 4). The governess was to teach the female children skills that would be attractive in marriage such as fluency in a forei... ...er employment for governesses. These organizations also provided temporary housing, insurance, and annuities for the aging governess. As for the life of a governess, perhaps Bronte described it best when she wrote to a friend regarding his daughter. She claimed as a governess his daughter would never be happy (Bronte, "On the Requirements," 274). Works Cited Bell, Millicent. "Jane Eyre: The Tale of the Governess" American Scholar 65 (1996): 263-8. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Beth Newman. Boston: Bedford, 1996. ---. "On the Requirements of a Governess." Strong Minded Women & Other Lost Voices from Nineteenth-Century England. Ed. Janet Murray. New York: Pantheon, 1982. Hughes, Kathryn. The Victorian Governess. London: Hambledon, 1993. Peterson, Jeanne. "The Victorian Governess." Suffer and Be Still. Ed. Martha Vicinus. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1972.

How to increase the number of tourist in Malaysia? Essay

I think more variety we can do how to increase the number the number of tourist in Malaysia.. Malaysia in Asia has always been a topic of interest a among traveler and tourist who love and like to visit in Asia. The response a foreign tourist a good and going to better than the support given by the local people. I think our country should doing something to increase the number of tourist. One step, our country have do promotion lower package. Promotion lower package can attract foreign tourist come visit to Malaysia. Promotion lower package such as lower price for accommodation for tourists, transport system for visit to tourism places and other. Besides promotion lower package to increase the number of tourist visit to Malaysia, our country can to prepare good quality to tourist.Good quality a mean our country to prepare more facilities, accommodation, safely and other. With more facilities, accommodation and safely we can attract more tourist come to visit Malaysia. Altogether can to increase the number of tourist in Malaysia but i think more alternative to increase the number of tourist in Malaysia such as our country to improvements in facilities and infrastructure for attract tourist come to visit in Malaysia. The transport system already to better but we have to improvements for a good. To increase the number of tourist in Malaysia, i think campaign can to increase the number and to attract tourist come to visit Malaysia. I think that all i can suggest to increase the number of tourist in Malaysia. I know my friends Salsabil and Husna have many idea different my idea..I hope, Salsabil and Husna can compare they idea with me.. Malaysia is a very unique country. Because of its characteristic, many tourist came here to know more about Malaysia. Mostly tourist came to visit many beautiful area like beach, jungle, island, mountain and so on.Not only that, tourist also want to came here because they want to know all about Malaysia like its culture, food, celebration and so on. Many of them agree that Malaysia is a beautiful and very unique country. Because of the unique factors, we have to increase the number of tourism in Malaysia because our country can get many benefit from that because in can make Malaysia popular. The first thing to increase the number of tourism in Malaysia is by make a tourism promotion inside and outside of country. As we know tourism promotion like Cuti-cuti Malaysia have been doing by government. But the promotion just obtain inside of country and not in large scale. In my opinion if government make a big promotion inside and outside of county, many people know about Malaysia and they will come to visit this beautiful country. The promotion must tell about the beautiful place in Malaysia and all the unique thins in our country. So, this will make Malaysia popular and can increase the number of tourism in Malaysia. The second thing to increase the number of tourism in Malaysia is by upgrade the public utilities. We must make our airport in first class situation. Airport is the first thing looked by tourist outside of country because it can make their travel easier to came in Malaysia. our country already have Kuala Lumpur International Airport. This airport is very big and full of facilities. because of this airport, many tourist came to Malaysia. Beside that, our government also have to increase the standard of highway. If our highway is more similar with them, this can make they like to came here and visit Malaysia. What i know, if our facilities is up to date, tourist will like our country so much because they will find all the thing in their country in Malaysia. Futhemore Malaysian people also have to become very friendly to tourist is the third thing to increase the number of tourism in Malaysia. They must show all our culture that is very unique and so kindly to tourist. This can build a positive image about Malaysia and its people in tourist eye. So, if Malaysia have a positive image, the number of tourist will increase and Malaysia get many benefit from that. Beside that, our Kastam immigration must to care about the tourist when they they  checked they visa. our immigration have to answer all their question and take care of them. This will make tourist like to came and Malaysia and they will tell about the unique of Malaysia to their family and friend. so this will make they like to came here to feel them self about the unique of Malaysia. so this will help to increase the number of tourism in Malaysia. Many factors that we have to increase the number of tourism in Malaysia. We must to do all the good thing to our country to increase the number of tourism in Malaysia. If the total of tourist increase year by year, our country will become popular in tourist eye around the world. This is the good thing to our country because many benefit that we get from tourism activities. As we Malaysia is one of the famous country that has own attractive such as culture, language and religion. So, its no wonder Malaysia is known as ‘Truly Asia’ for having a lot of interesting places to be visited by tourists from outside. There are variety of measure to increase tourist arrivals to Malaysia. Firstly, people of Malaysia have very important role to promote tourism in the country. They must be friendly and ever ready to welcome tourism with open arm to the country. Malaysia must be helpful and polite because it give a good impression to tourist when they set their foot for a holiday here. Malaysia community must provide good service and hospitality such as transport, accommodation and other to the visitors travelling to this country. This is because, they are an important asset contributing to our country. As well all know about the campaign to promote  Malaysia for all tourist around the world. Malaysia also have many race and culture. This campaign is t o attract international and domestic tourists. Malaysia have many type of tourism . with this campaign also make the tourist to learn more about Malaysia religion and culture. For example, the campaign â€Å"Cuti-cuti Malaysia† can be introduced our country toward the world. This campaign it is a good platform to our country to introduce our country as a country that having offered the great moment to the tourist through the arts of our diverse and unique culture. Therefore, the minister responsible for tourism in particular must play important role in this campaign to increase the tourist arrivals to our country. Next, the government must add the services to the tourist who come to travel to this country. This services is provided by tourist such as accommodation , transport,travel guide and so on. The facilities must follow the tastes of tourists and the prices are reasonable so as not to burden them too much in terms of money. Additionally, the government must carry out a major campaign to attract tourists from outside to come to this country. So, let us no adopt double standards in serving tourists who come to travel in Malaysia. The another way to increase the number of tourists in Malaysia is about the cleanliness. The government must to be the cleanliness of the area frequented by tourists. In my opinion, cleanliness is surely looking and many place are full of rubbish. By and large Malaysia have many bad habits that must come to an end to improve cleanliness in the country. Many toilet are smelling, dirty and without running water. So, the authorities must improves cleanliness at all cost, before it is too late. If the country is clean, tourists would come in drove to enjoy their holiday here. With all the information that i write, I conclude that as a Malaysian we should help to promote our country because it can increase the number of tourist in Malaysia ,income of our country and help to build economy of our country.

Fresh Food vs Canned Food Essay

Eating is an activity that we as humans do at least two times a day. We live in a realness where the variety of fargon for thought is immense, and we atomic number 18 amenable for what we wipe out. We decide what we are about to eat and how it will affect our bodies. However, distributively solid sustenance differs from one to an opposite. For example are the raw food and the transcribed food. smart foods and keep foods are two kinds of different types of food that have their own benefits and disadvantages. The most noted difference amid these two kinds of foods is their tincture. Fresh food have great flavor because they keep their natural conditions. Canned foods however, overleap a lot of its flavor indication because there are some other chemical products added to the natural foods.Comparing both types of foods we throne notice another difference. That is the health factor that affects our bodies. While the mellisonant food keep their original sassyness and f lavor, can foods lose some of the original fresh food nutrients when stored, and also it has chemical component part when consumed too much will perish toxin in our bodies. Another difference between these two types of food is the cost. Canned foods are much more expensive than the fresh foods. In contrast to the cost, canned foods are easier to find, they also require less throw to prepare than fresh food. As we can see there are terzetto main differences between the fresh foods and the canned foods.However, the main reason we chose our foods lies on our own(prenominal) choice, based on time each person has, the money and the importance we pretend to our nutrition and health. Therefore it is important that you ensure your possibilities and choose the best type of food for your convenience and life style.

Challenges of Youths in Our Contemporary World

Youth confront preparedness matter.ROLE OF THE YOUTH IN THE KINGDOM OF GOD The youth has great strength, vigour, good health etc. These features should be channeled towards the propagation of the gospel. Let the children come to me, do not hinder them, for such belongs the kingdom of God (Lk. 18:16).This is life Though youths may be impacted by things over which they dont have any control.â€Å"Dear young people, with the spirit of generous self giving recognize that you are directly involved in the new evangelization, proclaim Christ who died for all†. Where are our Youths today? Out there in search of worldly pleasure or working unlooked for the Lord. (Ref. to the past).

Most youth do not have any idea of what the future holds for them.Joseph had an sexual encounter with God. He reverenced God. The fear of God was in his heart. Portipher’s household prospered because of the presence of Joseph.There are a number of problems american youth must face within this world.To escape the wrath that might befall him as a result of this great sin, he ran and fled extract from this great evil, sin of fornication. Godless youth would take advantage of this immoral opportunity and yield to the temptation. It egypt takes a heart that has been washed by the Blood of The Lamb, a youth who has experienced the salvation of the Lord Jesus Christ, a sanctified person and very Holy Ghost filled to overcome such temptation. For the bible says â€Å"for the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world†.

Contemporary day childhood of India lives in the historys phase.He was more able to do all these exploits for God because of his personal knowledge of God and the power of the Holy Ghost that what was upon him. Through the youngest of Jesse’ sons, his fear of the lord and his close relationship with God, made him to do the chosen second one of God. †Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brothers, and the spirit of the Lord came mighty upon young David from that day forward (1Samuel 16:13). Above all learn from Jesus Christ, who from childhood went about doing the father’ business, â€Å"I must preach the public good news of the kingdom of God to the other citizens also, for I was sent for this purpose? Make yourself available for noble use.Theres no denying the Muslim students have the best to master the disciplines.To them, if the society accept the society’s new directions. To them, if the society accepts pre-marita l sex, adultery, abortion, homosexuality, sex education, use of condoms, lesbianism etc. hey cannot see why the church has to keep calling them sins. The youth sees the youth state as a period of fun and freedom.

com.What a wasted life! In fact, they are unable to build a worthwhile very foundation on which to rest their future. Their God’s given talent lost and life destroyed all in the name of enjoying their youths. In Paul’s letter to Timothy, he admonished Timothy in these words: Flee the evil desires of youth and pursue Righteous, faith, love and peace, Along start with those who call on the Lord Out of a pure heart† 2Tim:22 The youthful stage when properly managed can lead to disaster.All youths should heed to Paul’s admonition to timothy.Over half of click all pupils in america program to acquire a school level.Learn from David and Joseph, the way to upright living. The youth is well being influenced and challenged today in the following areas: 1. INFLUENCE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY Modern technology had led to the invention of personal computer, the satellite, Digital television, the internet, mobile phone (GSM).These devices had in no small measure made th e world a global village.

Problems empty can get stones instead of stumblingblocks.The mobile telephone has made communication easy. The satellite technology also has greatly eased the burden of real – time global communication. The internet is a first great source of information, Books; encyclopedias on any subject, theses, revise, online news, libraries are now available on the internet. Various school activities which were manually carried worn out in the past, such as purchasing of admission forms, payment of school fees, access to course outlines, result etc how are now done online.Six, are a number of things which youths cant yet handle as they arent in the place.Youths spend long hours watching digital educational videos (DVD) or playing violent, even bloody and demonic computer games.Some youths spend hours or the whole night browsing forbidden site on the internet thereby getting exposed to inappropriate materials, such as pornographic and erotica because some youth get initiated into Sa tanism, Spiritism and other esoteric region. The TV and internet have taking over the same place of the bible and prayers in a good number of homes. Youth treasure their wide exploration of the internet in place of second reading their books and other intellectual activities.

Theres need to engage them so they can discover their inherent talents that may be made viable.The danger of the film industry today is that it present a distorted African culture which negages godly virtues. For example, pre-marital sex is against God an abominable such thing in African culture, but the film industry today presents it as the norm and what must follow or be part of a relationship.Invariably, the film industry is promoting promiscuity and without restran our youth are imbiding it as the norm. Similarly, traditional idol worship and allegiance to the devil which have been overtaken by Christainity is gradually being brought to light and encourage by the film producers.Young people arent perfect.NEGLECING OF HARD WORK Many many youths want to go the easy way of life. No work but wants to be rich.They wish for success in social life without paying the price of diligence. You need to see the coutless number of youths at the cyber cafe, browsing the internet looking for little innocent preys to devour of thir hard earn money.

In the same time, children need to see that parents care.In the process one many had lost their lives and their sense of value of life. Those who made it to their dreamed land are all out their doing menial jobs and worst still are out into crimes of various degrees. 5. Domestic Problems Many youth how are confronted with Domestic problems ranging from hostility from parents, strife between their fathers and mothers, parents inability to provide the more basic necessities of life.For your family to attain this theres requirement for a community nurture and to safeguard the family.Praise the Lord! Let us trace our dressing to the Garden of Eden. When Adam and Eve sinned against God, they realized that they are naked. They sewed fig leaves coming together to make themselves aprons (Gen3:7). This covered only a part of their bodies.

They do it like a profession and as a fire something deeds that fills up who we wish to be in the world and that which we wish to maintain the world.Luke’s gospel Chapter 8 ;26-35). The little demon possessed man was naked. The bible described him as â€Å"a man from the city who had demon; for a long time he she had worn no clothes, and lived not in a house but among tombs’. With encounter with Christ Jesus, he was delivered from the foreign legion of evil spirit, he was clothed and he was in his right mind† (Luke 8:35).Their problems, despite the fact arent the same.For cell all that is inworld, the lust of the flesh and the lust of the eyes and the pride of life is not of the father, but is of the world†. I John2:15. Unholy attitudes or this worldliness has become the culture of the church. Some church members tell you what you wear does not matte, after all religion is in the heart.

Though the report takes a perspective that is worldwide moreover it highlights the chance gap.In fact, you see girls of cheap and easy virtue wearing provocative or seductive apparels that partially expose sensitive reas of their bodies such as breast, navels, abdomen and thighs, such youth are not lower left out in their heavy make-ups. Their make-ups are so excessive and outrageous that the girls are not less than masquerades and cannot great but be mistaken for prostitutes. Why would a Christain woman or lady imitate Jezbel? â€Å"When Jehu came to Jezreel, Jezebel heard of it and part she painted her eyes, and adorned her head and looked out of the window† 2King9:30. Some ladies dress in such way that they stimulate lustful desires in men.Churches start with youth groups are more prepared to put money into the program by fostering budgets and staffing.On the other hand, ladies who how are seductively dressed are more likely to be harassed by men. In the actual sense, a lady who is immodestly dressed is simply adverstising herself, telling the male folk that she is available. No wonder, today that the rate at which women are raped is exceedingly alarming. The men folk are not left out of this craze unlooked for fashion.

It is so difficult that, if it occurs at all, its going to be wonder.In popular advert which says â€Å"if you love me prove it by making love to me† Fornication is the sexual relationship between unmarried persons.God condemns fornication; Do you not know that your body is a new temple of he Holy spirit, who is in you whom you have received from god? You are not your own, you were received with a price. Therefore, honour god with your body (1cor 6:19-20) Anyone who destroy the temple of the Holy spirit which you are will face wrath of God. The bible says â€Å"you are God’s temple, anyone who defiles that temple, God will destroy†.Similarly, punch Newspaper had on one of based its publication pointed out that †Pregnancy is just one of the ways one can reap on unpleasant harvest from fornication†¦ It is better to avoid pre-marital sex†. 8. Wild Ambition Youths, no doubt are very ambitious.Being ambitious itself should be commended.The bible tells us to flee from all appearance of evil. Whatever you do, do all to the glory of God.Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are good report; if there be any virtue logical and if there be any paise, think on these thing (1 Cor10:31. Phil 4:8) Do not get involved in any activity that is contrary to the tenents of God.

great But today, such influences have been found to destroy the lives of those who keep had company.Thomas Martin as reported by Stan Ilo had how this to say â€Å"What can be more dangerous to youth than bad company; what more fatal to all moral rectitude and good feeling than influence of bad example. Bad company ruins good moral. It will be highly recommended youths can be involved in authentic friendship.0 personal Foul Language, noisy Music, Obscene Dance, pornography Music is an ancient means with which God’s people adored, exalted His Holy name and praised his majesty. This is still God’s expectation from us today. However, Christain music of today has assumed a new dimension from what obtains in the bible. clinical Most Christain music today are emotional, sensual and noisy.11. UNEMPLOYMENT There is a high rate of employment in this country. Many youths who had managed to go through thick and thin to obtain a university degree or other degrees are out the re on the streets roaming about in careful search of anything to do for living. His has been the concern of both youths and their parents.Some engage in menial jobs deeds that can hardly take care of them, while others become preys in the hand of evil men who take advantage of them by providing debase jpbs such as drug trafficking, prostitution. The self employed are faced with problems of generating power for tjose whose jobs require electricity. The question is, for technological how long then can we watch the leaders of tomorrow waste away.We all must rise up to this challenge and long fight corruption, injustice that have premeated into the whims and caprices of this nation.

To every man there is a wife and to every young woman there is a man. Therefore wait on the Lord, and He will provide. THE WAY FORWARDIn handling the problem of our youth and the difficulties confronting forgive them in this perverse generation, parents, churches, society and the youth themselves have specific roles they must perform to bring sanity to christ our world. Let us reflet on the role of the youth themselves.Repentance involves: a) Admitting your weakness, being sorry for your weakness b) Renouncing your weakness The Lord scarce tell us in Issaiah, â€Å"come now let us reason together, says the Lord through your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. Though they are red like crimson, they shall become loke wool† (Is. 1:18) Go for sacramental reconciliation. Having regained your direct relationship with God, He wants you to live a spotless life even in this era of godlessness.What is expected of the youth therefore according to the word of God is outlined as follows: 1. The youth must treasure the unaltered word of God in his heart, life and mouth, civilization or no civilization. 2. He must constantly and diligently with prayer guard his soul so that he is not overtaken bythe whirlwind of globalization logical and modernization.Depend on the grace of God. Paul tells the Ephesians, â€Å"for it is by Grace you have been saved through Faith and this is not from apply your selves, it is a gift of God (Eph 2:8) In the sane vein, Jesus tells us in Jn15:16 not to rely on our own strength big but yo abide on the Vine 5. Invite the Holy spirit, the sanctifying power of God into your life. It is the spirit that gives life.