Essay on Hsm/270 Week 6 Checkpoint - 1205 Words

When an organization starts to make decision about the programs it will offer they have to start thinking about the processes and outcomes they want to use and achieve through their program. They need to find the best ways to run their program that follows their mission and produces outcomes that help support that same mission. Process and outcome evaluations in a human service setting help the organization to better understand the outcomes of their programs and the processes in which the outcomes came. (Yuen, Terao, 2003) This paper will walk you through an explanation and outline of a process and outcome evaluation plan for the PEACE Domestic Violence Agency. This process and outcome evaluation plan would be helpful in the organizations†¦show more content†¦Participation in any selected planning and program activities in order to help with observations will be required of all staff. (Yuen, Terao, 2003) There will be interviews required of staff and program participants, in addition to biannual questionnaires, in order to document fulfillment of the program procedures and any other concerns. The staff training, workshops, and conferences will also be documented through records of involvement and minutes of deliberations. Encounter forms and attendance sheets that will document participation and amount of service will be available and used for each participant. (Yuen, Terao, 2003) Program Interventions: Yuen and Terao state that: â€Å"The documentation of program intervention should provide both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the interventions.† All recording procedures will comprise several essential and different data collection approaches. The first step would be to have the descriptions of the type of interventions recorded along with any intervention products like therapy strategies. Second, the intake and application forms will be used to gather any information about the project participants. PEACE’s staff needs to kn ow the specific situations each participant has come from in order to decide the best way to approach the subject in therapy and creating a personal plan to better help them heal from theirShow MoreRelatedCissp Study Guide67657 Words   |  271 Pagespolicies, standards, and guidelines...Security procedures, standards, measures, practices, and policies cover a number of different subject areas. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 44-45 QUESTION NO: 5 Answer: A QUESTION NO: 6 Which of the following department managers would be best suited to oversee the development of an information security policy? A. ) Information Systems B. ) Human Resources C. ) Business operations Pass Any Exam. Any Time. - www.3 Ac A. ) Adoption

Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail

By 1963, when Martin Luther King planned a campaign against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. During the demonstration he was arrested and lives in the jail for eight days. While he was in prison, he wrote his letter from Birmingham Jail to explain his actions and those who urged him to call off the demonstrations. Martin Luther King Jr. Birmingham Jail is important because, he explains the reasons for the non-violent demonstrations, he shows that black people are intelligent, and he criticizes the unjust laws of black people. Eight Alabama Clergymen were expressed understanding that honest opinions in racial matters could properly be followed in the judges, but urged that decisions of those courts should in the meantime be peacefully obeyed. Responsible citizens have undertaken to work on various problems which cause racial friction and unrest. However, they confronted by a series of demonstrations. ..... There were four basic steps about nonviolent campaign: collection of the fac ts to determine, injustices exist, negotiation, and self-purification. They have gone through all these steps and they can be no opposing that fact of racial injustice overwhelms this community. Birmingham is most segregated city in the United States. There have experienced ugly record of black people and a lot of unsolved problem were still there. Negro leaders were trying to negotiated with the city commander to solve these but they refused to opened their mouth. So many people were inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafte d his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then usingRead MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolentRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1037 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Four Topic: Read Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (in your Nexus book) and Brent Staples’s â€Å"Black Men and Public Space.† What do these works say about racism, prejudice, and bias? Have we made any progress in these areas since their publication? What problems do you still see and what solutions can you offer? According to Opposing Viewpoints Online, Racism is â€Å"a prejudice or an animosity against a person or group of people who belong to a different race†. Many Americans wronglyRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1382 Words   |  6 Pagescan be defined as arguing the wrong and the right of human behavior. Martin Luther king through his letter â€Å"letter from Birmingham jail† he revealed his ethical thought by enunciating real facts furthermore he did not only consider his own viewpoints rather he considered viewpoints of many other people in relation to churches hypocrisy and unjust laws versus just laws. Despite the fact that martin Luther king was in jail, Luther uses ethical thought to critique the ministers by articulating his beliefsRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail940 Words   |  4 PagesBlacks have been treated unfairly due the fact that their racial appearances differ from the others. A great example of this is the Civil Rights Movement period, which is the racial tension between the blacks and whites. The driving forces behind this tension were in the past, but they still exist in our advanced society nowadays or maybe still affecting in the future. In Martin Luther King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail essay, he uses the rac ial inequality as a significant factor to strengthen his argumentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail915 Words   |  4 Pagessave another? Martin Luther King gave up his freedom in an attempt and to gain civil rights for the people of Birmingham. Peter Singer explains if you give up just $200 you can save the life of someone with nothing. King and Peter Singer both used honesty to convey their message of what is right and what is wrong, but they both describe very different situations that hold their case and point. King wrote his letter from Birmingham jail on April 16, 1963. Dr. King wrote this letter to his fellow clergymenRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr. ´s Letter From Birmingham Jail771 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst the prejudice that they have to face, accomplish justice that every single one of them are fighting for. Dr. Martin Luther King, a leader of the protest against prejudice was able to pursue the rights for African Amer ican people. However eight of his fellow clergymen criticized his procedure to protest, but they still supported him. In the Letter from Birmingham Jail, King wanted to encourage others to rebel against the wrong, even if it is not wise it is right, he was optimistic and yetRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail986 Words   |  4 PagesInstitutions, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does notRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1399 Words   |  6 Pa gesmade. For people who are oppressed, what they see as the greater good may be vastly different from the views of those who are unoppressed. Martin Luther King Jr. s, Letter from Birmingham Jail illustrates how a seemingly innocent attempt at gaining one s rights can be seen as controversial and wrong by others. King was put into jail because of the peaceful protests he led. To those who shared King s method of thought, nonviolence would have been the way to maximize the gains in society by allowingRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1493 Words   |  6 Pageswould have disagreed with this assertion, and died in part to keep this idea from spreading. Socrates was sentenced to death by an Athenian court, though the punishment did not fit the crimes he was accused of. We assume that any knowingly innocent person would have escaped this sentence if given the opportunity and support to do so, yet Socrates refused to and died soon after. Over 2,000 years later, Martin Luther King is also imprisoned on petty crimes and sees his actions in line with Socrates Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail Essay Four Topic: Read Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (in your Nexus book) and Brent Staples’s â€Å"Black Men and Public Space.† What do these works say about racism, prejudice, and bias? Have we made any progress in these areas since their publication? What problems do you still see and what solutions can you offer? According to Opposing Viewpoints Online, Racism is â€Å"a prejudice or an animosity against a person or group of people who belong to a different race†. Many Americans wrongly assume that the problem of racism is no more simply because our president is a Black man. These are the same Americans that are supporting the confederate flag, screaming All Lives Matter, and battling blackness through LCD screens.†¦show more content†¦Then the other children see that that child is getting a present so they start saying that they deserve a present too. Is it their birthday? No. Just like how all life isn’t being taken during the longest ongoing genocide, black life is. This genocide has roots in physical enslavement and has led into psychological enslavement. A simple way to describe this mental enslavement is with the term Internalized Racism. As Denzel Washington’s character states in the 2007 film The Great Debaters, â€Å"... Keep the slave physically strong but psychologically weak and dependent on the slave master. Keep the body, take the mind...† (The Great Debaters) That was the goal with physical enslavement, to strike fear into the hearts of blacks so that they will slowly lose their minds. With lost minds and dependence on their oppressors, the institution of racism is not only established but it is internalized, and self loathing begins. With the help of internalized racism, during the Reconstruction era, the Ku Klux Klan is formed by several former confederate soldiers. Because they were former confederate soldiers, this terrorist group adopted the confederate flag throughout Reconstruction, and it inherently became a rac ist symbol. Being that it is a racist symbol, the usage of it, in any context whatsoever, is racist. Even though this isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then usingRead MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolentRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1382 Words   |  6 Pagescan be defined as arguing the wrong and the right of human behavior. Martin Luther king through his letter â€Å"letter from Birmingham jail† he revealed his ethical thought by enunciating real facts furthermore he did not only consider his own viewpoints rather he considered viewpoints of many other people in relation to churches hypocrisy and unjust laws versus just laws. Despite the fact that martin Luther king was in jail, Luther uses ethical thought to critique the ministers by articulating his beliefsRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail940 Words   |  4 PagesBlacks have been treated unfairly due the fact that their racial appearances differ from the others. A great example of this is the Civil Rights Movement period, which is the racial tension between the blacks and whites. The driving forces behind this tension were in the past, but they still exist in our advanced society nowadays or maybe still affecting in the future. In Martin Luther King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail essay, he uses the rac ial inequality as a significant factor to strengthen his argumentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail955 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1963, when Martin Luther King planned a campaign against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. During the demonstration he was arrested and lives in the jail for eight days. While he was in prison, he wrote his letter from Birmingham Jail to explain his actions and those who urged him to call off the demonstrations. Martin Luther King Jr. Birmingham Jail is important because, he explains the reasons for the non-violent demonstrations, he shows that black people are intelligent, and he criticizesRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail915 Words   |  4 Pagessave another? Martin Luther King gave up his freedom in an attempt and to gain civil rights for the people of Birmingham. Peter Singer explains if you give up just $200 you can save the life of someone with nothing. King and Peter Singer bo th used honesty to convey their message of what is right and what is wrong, but they both describe very different situations that hold their case and point. King wrote his letter from Birmingham jail on April 16, 1963. Dr. King wrote this letter to his fellow clergymenRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr. ´s Letter From Birmingham Jail771 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst the prejudice that they have to face, accomplish justice that every single one of them are fighting for. Dr. Martin Luther King, a leader of the protest against prejudice was able to pursue the rights for African American people. However eight of his fellow clergymen criticized his procedure to protest, but they still supported him. In the Letter from Birmingham Jail, King wanted to encourage others to rebel against the wrong, even if it is not wise it is right, he was optimistic and yetRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail986 Words   |  4 PagesInstitutions, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does notRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1399 Words   |  6 Pagesmade. For people who are oppressed, what they see as the greater good may be vastly different from the views of those who are unoppressed. Martin Luther King Jr. s, Letter from Birmingham Jail illustrates how a seemingly innocent attempt at gaining one s rights can be seen as controversial and wrong by others. King was put into jail because of the peaceful protests he led. To those who shared Ki ng s method of thought, nonviolence would have been the way to maximize the gains in society by allowingRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1493 Words   |  6 Pageswould have disagreed with this assertion, and died in part to keep this idea from spreading. Socrates was sentenced to death by an Athenian court, though the punishment did not fit the crimes he was accused of. We assume that any knowingly innocent person would have escaped this sentence if given the opportunity and support to do so, yet Socrates refused to and died soon after. Over 2,000 years later, Martin Luther King is also imprisoned on petty crimes and sees his actions in line with Socrates Analysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail Do you have what it takes to make the morally correct choice? An even better Question is: What are you willing to give up to save another? Martin Luther King gave up his freedom in an attempt and to gain civil rights for the people of Birmingham. Peter Singer explains if you give up just $200 you can save the life of someone with nothing. King and Peter Singer both used honesty to convey their message of what is right and what is wrong, but they both describe very different situations that hold their case and point. King wrote his letter from Birmingham jail on April 16, 1963. Dr. King wrote this letter to his fellow clergymen who defamed the action of Dr. King and the Southern Christian leadership Conference. In King’s response he honestly told his fellow brothers of the church that he was angered by their criticism and explained his actions in Birmingham. Peter Singer wrote â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty† on September 5, 1999 for the â€Å"New York Timeâ € . It is an honest piece that describes the difference between morally right and wrong. Singer talks about two people who both make the morally choice in the eyes of society and explains to the audience how we as America choose to do nothing to help but they can still buy expensive cars. King uses ethos when describing his business in Birmingham to his fellow clergy objectors. In their criticism of King’s actions, they ask what he is doing in Birmingham and that they believe he does not belong there. King goes on to sayShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then usingRead MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolentRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1037 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Four Topic: Read Martin Luther King’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (in your Nexus book) and Brent Staples’s â€Å"Black Men and Public Space.† What do these works say about racism, prejudice, and bias? Have we made any progress in these areas since their publication? What problems do you still see and what solutions can you offer? According to Opposing Viewpoints Online, Racism is â€Å"a prejudice or an animosity against a person or group of people who belong to a different race†. Many Americans wronglyRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1382 Words   |  6 Pagescan be defined as arguing the wrong and the right of human behavior. Martin Luther king through his letter â€Å"letter from Birmingham jail† he revealed his ethical thought by enunciating real facts furthermore he did not only consider his own viewpoints rather he considered viewpoints of many other people in relation to churches hypocrisy and unjust laws versus just laws. Despite the fact that martin Luther king was in jail, Luther uses ethical thought to critique the ministers by articulating his beliefsRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail940 Words   |  4 PagesBlacks have been treated unfairly due the fact that their racial appearances differ from the others. A great example of this is the Civil Rights Movement period, which is the racial tension between the blacks and whites. The driving forces behind this tension were in the past, but they still exist in our advanced society nowadays or maybe still affecting in the future. In Martin Luther King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail essay, he uses the rac ial inequality as a significant factor to strengthen his argumentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail955 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1963, when Martin Luther King planned a campaign against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. During the demonstration he was arrested and lives in the jail for eight days. While he was in prison, he wrote his letter from Birmingham Jail to explain his actions and those who urged him to call off the demonstrations. Martin Luther King Jr. Birmingham Jail is important because, he explains the reasons for the non-violent demonstrations, he shows that black people are intelligent, and he criticizesRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr. ´s Letter From Birmingham Jail771 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst the prejudice that they have to face, accomplish justice that every single one of them are fighting for. Dr. Martin Luther King, a leader of the protest against prejudice was able to pursue the rights for African American peo ple. However eight of his fellow clergymen criticized his procedure to protest, but they still supported him. In the Letter from Birmingham Jail, King wanted to encourage others to rebel against the wrong, even if it is not wise it is right, he was optimistic and yetRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail986 Words   |  4 PagesInstitutions, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does notRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1399 Words   |  6 Pagesmade. For people who are oppressed, what they see as the greater good may be vastly different from the views of those who are unoppressed. Martin Luther King Jr. s, Letter from Birmingham Jail illustrates how a seemingly innocent attempt at gaining one s rights can be seen as controversial and wrong by others. King was put into jail because of the peaceful protests he led. To those who shared King s method of thought, nonviolence would have been the way to maximize the gains in society by allowingRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1493 Words   |  6 Pageswould have disagreed with this assertion, and died in part to keep this idea from spreading. Socrates was sentenced to death by an Athenian court, though the punishment did not fit the crimes he was accused of. We assume that any knowingly innocent person would have escaped this sentence if given the opportunity and support to do so, yet Socrates refused to and died soon after. Over 2,000 years l ater, Martin Luther King is also imprisoned on petty crimes and sees his actions in line with Socrates

Bad News Free Essays

Bad News Letter Guidelines Tips: Before you start writing the letter, you have to ask yourself the following questions: 1. Is the letter for internal or external communication? * How close are the sender and the receiver? The Salutation (Dear / Hello / Mr. / Wolfgan? ) and the Closing (Sincerely / Best / Love / Regards? ) should pay attention! 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Bad News or any similar topic only for you Order Now How many parties are involved in the event? (a Mainland company IS NOT the name of the supplier!! ) 3. Do you understand the basic manufacturing process of a product / the product? NO Google it then!! Make sure you understand the meaning of ‘supplier’, ‘electrical component’, ‘assemble’, and ‘end product’ because components are very different from end products). 4. What is the role and duty of each part involved? 5. What is the event happened? What is the damage to the factory? Why is it related to the large consignment? What is the bad news exactly What is the real problem led by the incident in the factory? What is the immediate impact on the large consignment? 6. Is there any damage involved in the case? What kind of damage (e. g. financial, relationship†¦etc.? ) will bring to the company? And recommendations on solution? What kind of short- / long- term effect will bring between the company and the supplier? 7. What’s the immediate solution to the immediate problem? Why and How is it going to solve the problem 8. What other concerns is arose from the incident that constitute impact / damage to the company in longer term? What’s your suggestion / solution? What are the reasons to support your suggestion / solution? 9. Some of you mention about ‘customers / clients’. Where are they in the chain? What’s their role? If they are involved, what kind of damage will cause to them due to the incident? Why is it important to keep relationship with the clients? What is / are the solution(s)? What are the benefits of the solutions (in the short-term or long-term? ) Salutation| Internal or External? Dear / Hello†¦ Billy / Mr. Chan†¦ | Buffer| Think of it as an introduction of an article. It should briefly preview the main messages of the letter. The last sentence leads in to the next paragraph. | Reason Bad News| Begin with the incident Bad New Implication to the consignment? | Immediate Impact Solution| Begin with a sentence linking last paragraph’s last sentence. Briefly and clearly states the mmediate impact to the company or other party involved the solution why will it solve the impact| Longer-term Impact Solution| Begin with a topic sentence hinting this paragraph is about longer term planning Briefly state the concern clearly states why the concern can be an issue to the company explain the solution clearly and logically (using â€Å"logic transitional word s†) states the possible positive outcome. | Closing | Short and simple. Simply asking for approval / comments / meeting for further discussion†¦ etc. And be positive| Complementary Close| Internal or External? Sincerely / Regards / Best / Best Regards? | How to cite Bad News, Papers

Linear models of innovation are poorly suited to today free essay sample

Introduction What is innovation? Innovation is not creation or invention. Innovation is not a simple concept of create or Invent a new product either. It Is Innovation that Is to bulld a new successful product or a theory which will be accepted by people in the market. And linear models of innovation are a description of innovation process. It is a unidirectional, incremental process from basic science, applied science, design or engineering, manufacturing to markeung. To linear models, knowledge flow Is very simple In the process of innovation. The origin of innovation is science, the basic cience. It will increase the production of innovation when Increasing the Investment to science. Actually, technology-push model and need-pull model are all involved in linear models of innovation. However, with the development of society and the improvement of science, It needs to be deliberated that whether linear models of innovation are suited to the business environment In modern society. We will write a custom essay sample on Linear models of innovation are poorly suited to today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This article will be attempted to demonstrate understandings of innovation and critically thinking of linear models. Linear models of Innovation and other models of innovation When people came to the world and knew how to trade in exchanging things, they were getting to know what the market is. So with the development of society, Innovation theories came out for the business environment. Linear models are a description of innovation process There are two main models. One is for technology push which means that technology pushes the development of products and the acceptance of users. People do research and development first and scientists make discoveries from those surveys. Then technologists develop new product thoughts with those discoveries, which will be given to manufacturers to check and make Into roducts. Finally, users will know the products from salesmen or see in the market. People who believe in this technology push theory will think of the more research and development they do, the more successful product they produce. The other one is for demand pull which means that demand pull the process of new products coming into market. Marketers collect ideals of new products. And then they do research and development for the products desgn. Next the new products will be produced and come to customers Ilfe. In the period 1950s-Mid-1960s the industrial innovation process was generally erceived as a linear progression from scientific discovery, through technological development in tlrms, to the marketplace (Rothwell, 1994). That is technology push model. And In the period mid 1960s- early 1970s emerges the second-generation Innovation model, referred to as the market pull model of innovation, According to this simple sequential model, the market was the source of new ideas for directing RD, which had a reactive role in the process. That is demand pull model. People got tnls tneory Decause 0T tnelr Ilmltea vlslon at tnat time. I ney tnoug nt tne cause ana rigin of the innovation are sciences. So they considered that the more investment in science, the more new innovative product would be produced. Obviously, scientific research is one of the reasons for innovation. In the twentieth century, many large corporations, like Philips, Ford, Western Electric and ICI, put lots of money on research laboratory. They built a steady stream of innovations which fed rapidly growing markets for automobiles, consumer electrical products, and industrial chemicals, with the help of science and technology and organized research and development effort. Another key factor is demand. It is easy to be understood. Consumers needs make companies change. Companies need to meet consumers needs so that their product can be sold and they can get profit. People follow the brand and watch advertisements. Branding and advertising play an important role in this model. And there is a bandwagon effect, which means innovation has been accepted by customers needs. For example, in 2007, Hyundai wanted to reintroduce Santa Feto the US market. The headline for their development program was touch the market and they visited an ice rink and an Olympic medalist to help them gain an insight nto the ideas of grace and speed in order to meet their customers needs. To linear models, they ignored the multiple links and feedback loops between the stages of the innovation process. Every stage has linked with other stages. When doing manufacturing, it can influence research and development and then when the products come into market, it may get feedback to be remanufactured. It is not a unidirectional process but a multidirectional process. And also, linear models was not aware of the interchange between research and development managers, research and development funding sources, regulatory agencies, entrepreneurs, arketing experts, etc. They forgot the networks of innovators as well. Doing successful innovation needs the cooperation of companies, science laboratories and government agencies. Schmookler(1966) demonstrated that push and pull like a pair of scissors. People can not divide them into two different parts. They should be put together to contribute to the innovation. For instance, Sonys Walkman cassette player came into marketing in 1980. Is it technology-push or market-pull? At that time, there was no identified need. But people complained about the weight of system. And headphones were the biggest technical challenge in the project and most innovative component. However it became popular soon as a personal device. One of the reasons is that people had potential needs because they disliked the weight system. And another reason is that Walkman gave people more private space when they wanted to listen to radio or music in public places. So Sony gave people a new product and people made it become popular. It is a mixture reason of both technology-push and market- pull. There are multiple links between the stages of the innovation process. Innovation is a coupling process and the coupling first takes place in the minds of imaginative people(Freeman and Soete, 1997). We can not do innovation Just as only one process. It needs to contain the push and the pull. The push is sometimes slgnlTlcant, Ilke tne Inventlon 0T laser ana nuclear energy. It will not De Tacea Dy potential customers or the scientists. The pull is significant as well, for example the Whitneys cotton gin and the synthetic rubber. However, potential customers of the scientists may face the product directly There are many other models of innovation, like the chain-linked model, continuous nnovation and open innovation. To Kline, there is another model called the chain-linked model. In this model, process will start in an empty market while new knowledge is no necessary for the innovation. When we come to a problem during our innovation process, we get help first from science we have known and remembered knowledge. But when we failed to get knowledge from our brain, we will need other demand or knowledge. The chain- linked model is a top-level model and contains much more details and variety inherent in the innovations processes. And there are more important feedback from rganizations and the world to fill in the gaps of innovation processes. To Rothwell(1994), he has a five generations of innovation model. The key features of first and second generation is simple linear models: technology push and demand pull. The third generation is simultaneous coupling model. The features is research found interaction and feedback loops, innovation a corporate task, top management commitment and patient money. Those features are all depended on the background at that time. People were finding low-cost or cost control strategies because of the reduced demand and high inflation. And the fourth generation is between 1980s and early 1990s. People focused on core business or core technologies and the notion of global strategy emerged. And also a new model called parallel model came out, which complete suppliers in NPD process and integrate in- house. Japanese created the time-based strategies. The fifth one is fast innovation. People are focusing on networking. And there are organizational or systems integration and flatter or flexible structures. ICTs play a key role in NPD and networking. And there comes continuous innovation. Open innovation is a term promoted by Henry Chesbrough in 2003. Open innovation is a platform for companies to use external and internal ideas or to improve their technology system. Open innovation can supply reduced cost of conduction research and development and it has potential to improve the product. It gives accurate research of marketing and customer targeting. Open innovation has five models: product platforming, idea competitions, customer immersion, collaborative product design and development and innovation networks. Open innovation must rely on the modern network and open source. And open source is a natural way of innovation in he software industry and that it is an exemplary and very effective form of open innovation. Conclusion Linear model of innovation ignore the openness of process of innovation, the multiple llnKs ano Tee0DacK loops Detween tne stages 0T tne Innovatlon process. so It Is replaced gradually by the more comprehensive models of innovation. In the modern society, because of the development of science and technology, people are more likely to know innovation better.